Evidence indicates that PBDEs can cause neurobehavioral deficits and possibly cause cancer in experimental animals ( McDonald 2002). Deca-PBDE is the only PBDE technical mixture currently produced in large quantities worldwide, a major component of which is PBDE congener 209 ( La Guardia et al. Nevertheless, commercial PBDE mixtures are used without regulation in most Asian countries ( Tan et al. Thus, the Stockholm Convention approved the elimination of their industrial production and use. They are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative and could induce endocrine-disrupting activity ( Darnerud et al. PBDEs are found in various environmental media ( Bi et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants commonly used in an array of products, including construction materials, electronics, furnishings, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles ( Brown et al. Finally, PBDE-209 up-regulated phosphorylation of PKCα and ERK1/2 proteins in tumor cells and in CHO cells. Furthermore, it reduced tamoxifen, PKCα, and ERK inhibition-induced apoptosis. At the molecular level, PBDE-209 enhanced PKCα and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cell lines.Ĭonclusions: Our data demonstrate that PBDE-209 is able to promote proliferation of various cancer cells from the female reproductive system and normal ovarian CHO cells. Furthermore, PBDE-209 partially suppressed tamoxifen-induced cell apoptosis in the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR) but suppressed Gö 6976- and PD98059-induced apoptosis in all cell lines. PBDE-209 also altered cell cycle distribution by inducing the S phase or G 2/M phase. Results: Our data indicate that PBDE-209 increased viability and proliferation of the tumor cell lines and in CHO cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To assess the effects of PBDE-209 on apoptosis, we used the protein kinase Cα (PKCα) inhibitor Gö 6976, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, and tamoxifen. Western blot assays were used to detect changes in protein expression. Methods: We used MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR (multidrug-resistant MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines, the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, the OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cell line, and the normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line to assess the effects of PBDE-209 using cell viability, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric assays. Objective: In this study we investigated the effects of PBDE-209, a deca-PBDE, on the regulation of growth and apoptosis of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells as well as the underlying protein alterations. Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used in building materials, electronics, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles, are health hazards found in the environment.
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